2.43 Advanced Thermodynamics (Spring 2024, MIT OCW): Lecture 04 - Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Potentials; the Clausius Statement of the Second Law

2.43 Advanced Thermodynamics

2.43 Advanced Thermodynamics (Spring 2024, MIT OCW). Instructor: Prof. Gian Paolo Beretta. This course is a self-contained concise review of general thermodynamics concepts, multicomponent equilibrium properties, chemical equilibrium, electrochemical potentials, and chemical kinetics, as needed to introduce the methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and to provide a unified understanding of phase equilibria, transport, and nonequilibrium phenomena useful for future energy and climate engineering technologies. Applications include second-law efficiencies and methods to allocate primary energy consumptions and CO₂ emissions in cogeneration and hybrid power systems, minimum work of separation, maximum work of mixing, osmotic pressure and membrane equilibria, metastable states, spinodal decomposition, and Onsager's near-equilibrium reciprocity in thermodiffusive, thermoelectric, and electrokinetic cross effects. (from ocw.mit.edu)

Lecture 04 - Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Potentials; the Clausius Statement of the Second Law

Necessary conditions for mutual equilibrium: temperature equality, pressure equality, chemical potential equality, Young-Laplace relation between pressures, surface tension and curvature. Proof of the Clausius statement of the second law. The Clausius inequality.

Go to the Course Home or watch other lectures:

Lecture 01 - Definitions of System, Property, State, and Weight Process; First Law and Energy

Lecture 02 - Second Law and Entropy; Adiabatic Availability; Maximum Entropy Principle

Lecture 03 - Energy vs Entropy Diagrams to Represent Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium States

Lecture 04 - Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Potentials; the Clausius Statement of the Second Law

Lecture 05 - Definition of Heat Interaction; First and Second Law Efficiencies

Lecture 06 - Free Energies, Available Energies, and Stability Conditions

Lecture 07 - Availability Functions and the LeChatelier-Braun Principle

Lecture 08 - Few versus Many Principles: The Euler Relation; Review of Various Forms of Energy (Part I)

Lecture 09 - Minimum Work of Partitioning Small Systems; The Gibbs Phase Rule; The Van der Waals Model

Lecture 10 - Review of Various Forms of Energy (Part II); Allocation of Consumptions in Cogeneration

Lecture 11 - Allocation in Hybrid Power Production; Chemical Potentials and Partial Pressures